Introduction

Skin cancer is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise. As a dermatologist, it is crucial to educate patients and the general public about the signs of skin cancer, as early detection can significantly improve outcomes. In this essential guide, we will discuss the various signs of skin cancer and provide valuable information for identifying potential warning signs.

What is a mole?

Understanding Skin Moles

A mole, also known as a nevus, is a dark spot on the skin formed by a group of skin cells that grow together instead of individually. These cells, called melanocytes, produce melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of our skin.

Moles are a frequently occurring type of skin growth. They typically present as small brown spots and are caused by clusters of pigmented cells. Moles commonly develop during childhood and adolescence. Most individuals have between 10 and 40 moles, some of which may change in appearance or disappear over time.

When to Monitor Moles

The majority of moles are benign and pose no threat. Instances where moles become cancerous are rare. However, it is crucial to monitor moles and other skin lesions carefully as part of the process for detecting skin cancer, particularly malignant melanoma.

The initial indications of melanoma typically involve a change in an existing mole or the appearance of a new skin growth. These changes are commonly observed on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, scalp, arms, back, or calves. Nevertheless, melanoma can also develop in areas that are not typically exposed to the sun.

Types of Skin Moles

• Congenital Moles: Present at birth, occurring in about 1% of the population. They may have a slightly higher risk of becoming cancerous.
• Acquired Moles: The most common type, usually developing in childhood or early adulthood due to sun exposure. Most are harmless.
• Atypical Moles (Dysplastic Nevi): Larger, irregularly shaped, with uneven color. These may run in families and carry a higher risk of developing into skin cancer.

Skin Checks & Warning Signs

Most people naturally develop more moles with age and sun exposure, and in most cases, they are harmless. However, regular skin checks are recommended—ideally monthly, especially if there is a family history of skin cancer, or at least every three months.

If you notice any unusual changes in a mole's appearance, such as size, shape, color, or texture, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.

The ABCDE rule can help you identify suspicious moles:

Warning Signs of Melanoma

• Asymmetry: One half of the mole does not match the other half.
• Border irregularity: The borders of the mole are jagged or notched.
• Color variation: The mole has different colors, such as black, brown, red, white, or blue.
• Diameter: The mole is larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser).
• Evolution: The mole changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms like itching, bleeding, or crusting.

Pay attention to any new spots that appear on your skin or existing ones that change in size, shape, color, or texture. These spots may be elevated, rough, scaly, or bleeding. If you have concerns, consult a dermatologist.

Risk Factors for Melanoma

• Dysplastic Nevus: Atypical moles increase the risk of melanoma.
• Many or Large Moles: More small moles or several large ones increase risk.
• Fair Skin: Skin that burns easily is more susceptible to melanoma.
• Sunlight Exposure: Prolonged UV exposure raises the risk.
• Severe Sunburns: Childhood or adolescent sunburns increase susceptibility.
• Lifetime Sun Exposure: Accumulative sun exposure raises melanoma risk.
• Tanning: Frequent sun exposure without protection increases risk.
• Sunlamps & Tanning Booths: Artificial UV exposure damages skin.
• Personal or Family History: A history of melanoma increases the likelihood.
• Weakened Immune System: Immunosuppression raises melanoma risk.

Preventing Skin Cancer

• Sun Protection: Limit exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., wear protective clothing, and apply SPF 30+ sunscreen.
• Avoid Tanning: Tanning beds and sunlamps emit harmful UV rays.
• Regular Skin Examinations: Monitor for changes in moles and skin lesions.
• Protect Children: Shield them from excessive sun exposure to prevent long-term damage.
• Practice Sun-Smart Behaviors: Use sun protection even on cloudy days.
• Understand Your Risk Factors: Be aware of genetic or environmental risks.
• Regular Check-ups: Visit a dermatologist for professional skin evaluations.

Prevention is key, but early detection is crucial. Stay vigilant and consult a dermatologist if you notice any changes in your skin.